In a periodic table, atoms which can form Positive ions are classified as metals while the atoms which can form Negative ions are classified as Non-metals.
Sodium has the electronic structure of (2.8.1) and it has one valance electron. Thus, instead of getting seven more electrons, it loses its one valence electron to achieve stability. It has became positively charged ion as it had lost one valence electron in outer-most shell. Hence, it became Sodium (Na+) ion.
Sulfur on the other hand, it has electronic structure of (2.8.6) and it has two valence electrons. In addition, it gains two valence electrons to achieve stability. It has became negatively charged ion as it had gained two valence electrons in the outer-most shell.
Thus, it became sulfide (S 2-) ion.
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